How does a Chapter 7 discharge affect the liability of cosigners and other parties who may be liable to a creditor on a discharged debt?
A Chapter 7 discharge releases only the debtor. The liability of any other party on a debt is not affected by a Chapter 7 discharge. Therefore, a person who has cosigned or guaranteed a debt for the debtor is still liable for the debt regardless of the debtor’s Chapter 7 discharge.
What should a person do if a creditor later attempts to collect a debt that was discharged under Chapter 7?
When a Chapter 7 discharge is granted, the court enters an order prohibiting the debtor’s creditors from later attempting to collect any discharged debt from the debtor. Any creditor who violates this court order may be held in contempt of court and may be liable to the debtor in damages. If a creditor later attempts to collect a discharged debt from the debtor, the debtor should give the creditor a copy of the order of discharge and inform the creditor in writing that the debt has been discharged under Chapter 7. If the creditor persists, the debtor should contact our office. If a creditor files a lawsuit against the debtor on a discharged debt, it is important not to ignore the matter, because even though a judgment entered against the debtor on a discharged debt can later be voided, voiding the judgment may require the services of an attorney, which could be costly to the debtor.
How long does a Chapter 7 case last?
A Chapter 7 case begins with the filing of the case and ends with the closing of the case by the court. If the debtor has no nonexempt assets for the trustee to collect, the case will most likely be closed shortly after the debtor receives his or her discharge, which is usually about four months after the case is filed.
If the debtor has nonexempt assets for the trustee to collect, the length of the case will depend on how long it takes the trustee to collect the assets and perform his or her other duties in the case. Most consumer cases with assets last about six months, but some last considerably longer.
How is a debtor notified when his or her discharge has been granted?
Usually by mail. Most courts send a form called “Discharge of Debtor” to the debtor. This form is a copy of the court order discharging the debtor from his or her dischargeable debts, and it serves as notice that the debtor’s discharge has been granted.
May a utility company refuse to provide service to a debtor if the company’s utility bill is discharged under Chapter 7?
If, within 20 days after a Chapter 7 case is filed, the debtor furnishes a utility company with a deposit or other security to insure the payment of future utility services, it is illegal for a utility company to refuse to provide future utility service to the debtor, or to otherwise discriminate against the debtor, if its bill for past utility services is discharged in the Chapter 7 case.
Are employers notified of Chapter 7 cases?
Employers are not usually notified when a Chapter 7 case is filed, unless of course if the employer is a creditor who is listed in the schedules of debts, or if the employer must be notified to stop a wage garnishment by one of the debtor’s creditors.
Are the names of persons who file under Chapter 7 published?
When a Chapter 7 case is filed, it becomes a public record, and the name of the debtor may be published by some newspapers and credit-reporting agencies and can be found on the internet.
How does filing under Chapter 7 affect a person’s credit rating?
According to Experian, a Chapter 7 filing will stay on your credit report for up to 10 years. However, we have some common-sense suggestions for you in re-establishing your credit. Many clients find that they can re-establish credit in a relatively short period time after their case is concluded.
What is a Chapter 7 discharge?
A discharge is a court order releasing a debtor from all dischargeable debts and ordering the creditors not to attempt to collect them from the debtor. A debt that is discharged is one that the debtor is released from and does not have to pay. The most common debts that are discharged in Chapter 7 are: credit cards, medical bills, car repossessions, and personal loans. Some debts, like taxes, are not discharged. Most clients receive a discharge after about 60 days for the Section 341 meeting (the first meeting of creditors).
Will I have to go to Court?
Yes, there will be a hearing in Court in Wilmington, which is called a Section 341 meeting. At that time, the Court appointed Trustee will ask about your financial circumstances. One of our attorneys will with you at that time. For most clients, these meetings last about 15 minutes.
How does the filing of a Chapter 7 case affect collection and other legal proceedings that have been filed against the debtor in other courts?
The filing of a Chapter 7 case automatically stays (or stops) virtually all collection and other legal proceedings pending against the debtor. That means all calls, collection attempts, lawsuits, sheriff sales, and wage attachments must be stopped upon the filing of a Chapter 7 petition. A few days after a Chapter 7 case is filed, the court mails a notice to all creditors ordering them to refrain from any further action against the debtor.
The automatic stay does NOT protect cosigners and guarantors of the debtor, and a creditor may continue to collect debts of the debtor from those persons after the debtor files a Chapter 7 case.
May a husband and wife file jointly under Chapter 7?
Yes. A husband and wife may file a joint petition under Chapter 7. If a joint petition is filed, only one set of bankruptcy forms is needed and only one filing fee is charged. In many cases, it makes sense for both husband and wife to file.
What property can I exempt (keep) in a Chapter 7?
Delaware has very good exemptions in comparison to our surrounding states. It is rare for our clients to lose their property after filing a Chapter 7. For instance, most Delaware homeowners can exempt up to $125,000 of equity (the difference between the fair market value of their house, minus mortgages). So if the mortgage is paid, the debtor typically keeps the house. There are additional exemptions for motor vehicles and a wildcard exemption of $25,000 per person.
What is the role of the attorney for a debtor in a Chapter 7 case?
Our expert staff of paralegals, law clerks and attorneys work together as a team to get each client the best results possible. Each client receives individual attention as their case goes through the process.
In general, we perform the following functions in the Chapter 7 case of a typical consumer debtor:
- Analyze the amount and nature of the debts owed by the debtor and determine the best remedy for the debtor’s financial problems.
- Advise the debtor of the relief available under both Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code, and of the advisability of proceeding under each chapter.
- Assemble the information and data necessary to prepare the Chapter 7 forms for filing.
- Prepare the petitions, schedules, statements and other Chapter 7 forms for filing with the bankruptcy court.
- Assist the debtor in arranging his or her assets to enable the debtor to retain as many of the assets as possible after the Chapter 7 case is concluded.
- File the Chapter 7 petition, schedules, statements and other forms with the bankruptcy court, and, if necessary, notify certain creditors of the commencement of the case.
- If necessary, assist the debtor in reaffirming certain debts, redeeming personal property, setting aside mortgages or liens against exempt property, and otherwise carry out the matters set forth in the debtor’s statement of intention.
- Attend the meeting of creditors with the debtor and appear with the debtor at any other hearings that may be held in the case.
- If necessary, prepare and file amended schedules, statements, and other documents with the bankruptcy court in order to protect the rights of the debtor.
- If necessary, assist the debtor in overcoming obstacles that may arise to the granting of a Chapter 7 discharge.
- Even after your case is closed, address any questions you have about the discharge.
What is Chapter 7 and how does it work?
Chapter 7 is a Chapter of the Bankruptcy Code in which the Debtor (the person filing) stops creditor harassment and secures a discharge without paying any money back to creditors. In a Chapter 7 case, if the Debtor has any nonexempt property (very rare for our clients) he or she must turn it over to the Trustee. In return, the debtor receives a discharge for most debts. Fortunately, Delaware’s exemption laws (what you can keep) are very good so most of our clients do not lose any property by filing. However, your income has to qualify for a Chapter 7 bankruptcy. If your income is too high, we would likely have you consider Chapter 13 where you pay your creditors back some money. Your attorney will review your financial circumstances and make a recommendation about which chapter in the law is best for you.
What is the role of the filed attorney in a Chapter 13 case?
Our role in the process is as follows:
- Assist the debtor in the preparation of a budget;
- Examine the liens or security interests of secured creditors to ascertain their validity or avoidability and take the legal steps necessary to protect the filed interest in such matters;
- Devise and implement methods of dealing with secured creditors;
- Assist the debtor in devising a Chapter 13 plan that meets the needs of the debtor and is acceptable to the Court;
- Prepare the necessary pleadings and Chapter 13 forms;
- File the Chapter 13 forms and pleadings with the Court and pay, or provide for the payment of, the filing fee;
- Attend the meeting of creditors, the confirmation hearing, and any other Court hearings required in the case;
- Assist the debtor in obtaining Court approval of a Chapter 13 plan;
- Check the claims filed in the case, file objections to improper claims, and attend Court hearings thereon;
- Assist the debtor in overcoming any legal obstacles that may arise during the case;
- Assist the debtor in obtaining a discharge upon the completion or termination of the plan.
What happens if a debtor is unable to complete the Chapter 13 payments?
A debtor who is unable to complete the Chapter 13 payments has four options:
- Modify the plan if possible, to make it more affordable;
- Dismiss the Chapter 13 case;
- Convert the Chapter 13 case to Chapter 7;
- If the debtor is unable to complete the payments due to circumstances for which he or she should not be held accountable, close the case and obtain a hardship Chapter 13 discharge as described above.
What if the debtor later decides to discontinue the Chapter 13 case?
The debtor has the right to either dismiss a Chapter 13 case or convert it to Chapter 7 at any time for any reason. However, if the debtor simply stops making the required Chapter 13 payments, the Court may compel the debtor or the filed attorney to make the payments and to comply with the orders of the Court. Therefore, the debtor who wishes to discontinue a Chapter 13 case should do so through his or her attorney.
What if the debtor is temporarily unable to make the Chapter 13 payments?
If the debtor is temporarily out of work, injured, or otherwise unable to make the payments required under a Chapter 13 plan, the plan can usually be modified to enable the debtor to resume the payments when they are able to do so. If it appears that the debtor’s inability to make the required payments continue indefinitely or for an extended period, the case may be dismissed or converted to Chapter 7. If you get behind in plan payments, call us immediately to discuss your options.
When does a debtor have to appear in Court in a Chapter 13 case?
Most debtors must appear in Court only once for a hearing, called the meeting of creditors. If objections are filed to the proposed Chapter 13 plan, debtors may be required to appear for a hearing on the confirmation of the debtor’s Chapter 13 plan. The meeting of creditors is usually held about a month after the case is filed. The confirmation hearing is usually held approximately two to three weeks after the meeting of creditors. The debtor’s testimony should not be lengthy at either hearing, however. If difficulties or unusual circumstances arise during a case, additional Courtappearances may be necessary. Our staff will thoroughly prepare you for these matters.
Does a person lose any legal rights by filing under Chapter 13?
No. Filing under Chapter 13 is a civil proceeding and not a criminal proceeding, and a person does not lose any legal or constitutional rights by filing.
Is a person’s employer notified when he or she files under Chapter 13?
In most cases, no, unless your employer lent you money.
Are the names of persons who file under Chapter 13 published?
When a Chapter 13 case is filed, it becomes a public record and the name of the debtor may be published by some newspapers and credit reporting agencies and on the internet.
How does filing under Chapter 13 affect a person’s credit rating?
According to Experian, a Chapter 13 filing stays on your record for 7 years after filing. In a Chapter 7 filing, it stays on your record for up to 10 years. In general, we tell clients Chapter 13 is more favorable on your credit record than Chapter 7. We have some common-sense suggestions for you in re-establishing your credit. Many clients find that they can re-establish credit in a relatively short period time after their case is concluded.
How does filing under Chapter 13 affect collection proceedings and foreclosures previously filed against the debtor?
The filing of a Chapter 13 case automatically stays (stops) lawsuits, attachments, garnishments, foreclosures, and other actions by creditors against the debtor or the debtor’s property. A few days after the case is filed, the Court will mail a notice to all creditors advising them of the automatic stay. Certain creditors may be notified sooner, if necessary. Most creditors are prohibited from proceeding against the debtor during the entire course of the Chapter 13 case. If the debtor is later granted a Chapter 13 discharge, the creditors will then be prohibited from collecting the discharged debts from the debtor after the case is closed.
Will a person lose any property if he or she files under Chapter 13?
Usually not. Creditors are usually paid out of the debtor’s income and not from the debtor’s property. However, if a debtor has valuable nonexempt property and has insufficient income to pay enough to creditors to satisfy the Court, some of the debtor’s property may have to be used to pay creditors.
May a Chapter 7 case be converted to Chapter 13?
A pending Chapter 7 case may be converted to Chapter 13 at any time at the request of the debtor, if the debtor has not been previously converted to Chapter 7 from Chapter 13. There may be additional costs and fees with a conversion.
May a self-employed person file under Chapter 13?
Yes. A debtor engaged in business may continue to operate the business during the Chapter 13 case. These cases are typically more complicated than a consumer-based Chapter 13. Your attorney will work closely with you on all aspects of a business Chapter 13. Corporations and LLC businesses are not eligible to file Chapter 13.
May a husband and wife file jointly under Chapter 13?
Yes. For most consumers, it makes sense for both husband and wife to file jointly. In this way, they’ll save fees and get the maximum benefit of a discharge.
How long does a Chapter 13 plan last?
A Chapter 13 plan must last for at least 3 years, with a maximum of 5 years.
When must the debtor begin making payments to the Chapter 13 Trustee, and how must they be made?
The debtor must begin making payments to the Chapter 13 Trustee within 30 days after the debtor’s plan is filed in the Court, and the plan must be filed with the Court within 15 days after the case is filed. Most clients use the convenient TFS service to set up a special payment checking account with the Trustee.
Do all my creditors need to be paid in full under a Chapter 13 plan?
No. In most plans, car payments will be significantly reduced, and we pay pennies on the dollar to unsecured creditors like credit cards, medical bills, and personal loans. But we must also pay in full your priority debts for child support as well as certain newer taxes. We can’t change your mortgage payment which you’ll make directly to the mortgage company. A plan is a critical part of your case, and your attorney will work closely with you on this to make sure it complies with the law and is affordable.
What is a Chapter 13 Trustee?
A Chapter 13 Trustee is a person appointed by the Court to collect payments from the debtor, make payments to creditors in the manner set forth in the debtor’s plan, and administer the debtor’s Chapter 13 case until it is closed. Michael Joseph is the Chapter 13 Trustee in Delaware. The debtor is always required to cooperate with the Chapter 13 Trustee.
What is a Chapter 13 plan?
It is a written plan presented to the Bankruptcy Court by a debtor that states how much money or other property the debtor will pay to the Chapter 13 Trustee, how long the debtor’s payments to the Chapter 13 Trustee will continue, which creditors will be paid, how much will be paid to each of the debtor’s creditors, and certain other technical matters.
What types of debts are dischargeable under Chapter 13?
A full Chapter 13 discharge must be granted upon the completion of all payments required in the plan discharges a debtor from most debts (like credit cards, personal loans, medical and repossession debts). However, the following are typically excluded from discharge:
- Debts that were paid outside of the plan and not covered in the plan, like a mortgage payment;
- Debts for alimony, maintenance, or support;
- Debts for death or personal injury caused by the debtor’s operation of a motor vehicle while unlawfully intoxicated;
- Debts for restitution or criminal fines included in a criminal sentence imposed on the debtor;
- Debts for most student loans or educational obligations;
- Most recent taxes (old taxes can sometimes be discharged). However, our plans are structured to pay taxes in the plan.
What is a Chapter 13 discharge?
It is a Court order releasing a debtor from all dischargeable debts and ordering creditors not to collect them from the debtor. A debt that is discharged is one that the debtor is released from and does not have to pay. There are two types of Chapter 13 discharges: 1) a full or successful plan discharge, which is granted to a debtor who completes all payments called for in the plan, and 2) a hardship plan discharge, which is granted to a debtor who is unable to complete the payments called for in the plan due to circumstances for which the debtor should not be held accountable.
May a person whose debts are being administered by a private debt consolidation service file under Chapter 13?
Yes. A financial counselor has no legal right to prevent a person from filing any type of bankruptcy case, including a Chapter 13 case.
How does Chapter 13 differ from a private debt consolidation service?
In a Chapter 13 case, the bankruptcy Court can provide aid to the debtor that private debt consolidation services cannot provide. For example, the Court has the authority to prohibit creditors from attaching or foreclosing on the debtor’s property, to force unsecured creditors (like credit cards and most personal loans) to accept a Chapter 13 plan that pays only a portion of their claims, and to discharge a debtor from unpaid portions of debts. Private debt consolidation services have none of these powers. Additionally, private debt consolidation agencies charge large fees to consumers.
When is Chapter 13 preferable to Chapter 7 for a debtor?
Chapter 13 is usually preferable for a person who:
- Does not income qualify to file under Chapter 7 because their family income is too high;
- Wishes to bring current arrears in a mortgage and/or wants to stop a sheriff sale of their house;
- Filed a Chapter 7 in the last 8 years and is not eligible to file a new Chapter 7 at this time;
- Wishes to stop lawsuits, wage attachments, and harassing phone calls but also wants to pay back their creditors something (usually a very small percentage on the dollar);
Wishes to decrease their car payments and their interest rate;
- Wishes to strip a 2nd mortgage on their home where there is no equity in their house.
How does Chapter 13 differ from Chapter 7 for a debtor?
The basic difference between Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 is that under Chapter 7, the debtor’s nonexempt property (if any exists) is liquidated to pay as much as possible of the debtor’s debts, while in most Chapter 13 cases a portion of the debtor’s future income is used to pay creditors. As a practical matter, under Chapter 7 the debtor could (but rarely does) lose their property. The Chapter 7 debtor receives a discharge at the end of the case, which releases the debtor from liability for most debts. Under Chapter 13, the debtor usually does not lose any property. However, he or she must make a plan payment. At the end of the case, the debtor receives a Chapter 13 discharge, which is broader than a Chapter 7 discharge.
What is Chapter 13 and how does it work?
Chapter 13 is part of the Bankruptcy code under which a person may repay all or a portion of their debts under the supervision and protection of the Bankruptcy Court. A person (called a debtor) files a plan for payment of their creditors. The plan must be approved by the Court to be put into effect. If the Court approves the debtor’s plan, most creditors will be prohibited from collecting their claims from the debtor during the case. The debtor must make regular payments to a person called the Chapter 13 Trustee, who collects the money paid by the debtor and disburses it to creditors in the manner called for in the plan. Upon completion of the payments called for in the plan, the debtor secures a discharge from most debts and won’t have to pay them further. Our office will work closely with you on all aspects of a Chapter 13 Bankruptcy. We offer a free consultation to go over the ins and outs of Chapter 13. Call 1-888-734-6800 to schedule an appointment.
What if the debtor is temporarily unable to make the Chapter 11 Subchapter V payments?
If the business can’t make the plan payments, the plan can usually be modified to enable the debtor to resume the payments when they are able to do so. If it appears that the debtor’s inability to make the required payments continue indefinitely or for an extended period, the case may be dismissed or converted to a Chapter 7. If you get behind in plan payments, call us immediately to discuss your options.
When does a debtor have to appear in Court in a Chapter 11 Subchapter V case?
Most debtors must appear in Court only once for a hearing, called the meeting of creditors. If objections are filed to the proposed Chapter 11 Subchapter V plan, debtors may be required to appear for a hearing on the confirmation of the debtor’s Chapter 11 Subchapter V plan. The meeting of creditors is usually held about a month after the case is filed. The confirmation hearing is usually held approximately two to three weeks after the meeting of creditors. The debtor’s testimony should not be lengthy at either hearing, however. If difficulties or unusual circumstances arise during a case, additional Court appearances may be necessary. Our staff will thoroughly prepare you for these matters.
Does a person lose any legal rights by filing under Chapter 11 Subchapter V?
No. Filing under Chapter 11 Subchapter V is a civil proceeding and not a criminal proceeding, and a person does not lose any legal or constitutional rights by filing.
What Happens if I Personally Guaranteed and signed for My Business Debts?
If you have personally guaranteed some or all your business debts, then a Chapter 11 Subchapter V won’t get rid of these debts as to you personally. In situations like these, we sometimes consider a Chapter 13 Wage Earner filing to protect your personal property.
What is the role of the filed attorney in a Chapter 11 case?
Our role in the process is as follows:
- Assist the debtor and his or her accountant in the preparation of a budget;
- Examine the liens or security interests of secured creditors to ascertain their validity or avoidability and take the legal steps necessary to protect the filed interest in such matters;
- Devise and implement methods of dealing with secured creditors;
- Assist the debtor in devising a Chapter 11 Subchapter V plan that meets the needs of the debtor and is acceptable to the Court;
- Prepare the necessary pleadings and forms;
- File the Chapter 11 Subchapter V forms and pleadings with the Court and pay (or provide for the payment of) the filing fee;
- Attend the meeting of creditors, the confirmation hearing, and any other Court hearings required in the case;
- Assist the debtor in obtaining Court approval of a Chapter 11 Subchapter V plan;
- Check the claims filed in the case, file objections to improper claims, and attend Court hearings thereon;
- Assist the debtor in overcoming any legal obstacles that may arise during the case;
- Assist the debtor in obtaining a discharge upon the completion or termination of the plan.
What is contained in a Chapter 11 Subchapter V Plan?
According to the law, the plan must provide that ”all of the projected disposable income of the debtor” must be paid for 3-5 years. Normally, disposable income means income to the business minus the normal operating expenses of the business, such as rent, salaries, utilities, insurance, etc. You may need to hire an accountant to work with us in deterring disposable income of the business. Out of the plan payment, we’ll seek to get business taxes paid in full and a reduction of business motor vehicle payments. A portion of our legal fees is also paid. A portion of your unsecured creditor’s claims (such as business loans and business credit cards) will also be paid. In some cases, second mortgage loans on your principal residence can be stripped away if the money you got in your loan was used in connection with the operation of the business.
Are All Businesses Eligible to File Chapter 11 Subchapter V?
No. Only small businesses with debt less than $2,725,625 may file Chapter 11 Subchapter V. However, as part of its legislation to address the COVID-19 pandemic, Congress increased the threshold for small business filings to $7,500,000 until March 27, 2021.
How does filing under Chapter 11 Subchapter V affect collection proceedings and foreclosures previously filed against the debtor?
The filing of a Chapter 11 Subchapter V case automatically stays (stops) lawsuits, attachments, garnishments, foreclosures, and other actions by creditors against the debtor or the debtor’s property. A few days after the case is filed, the Court will mail a notice to all creditors advising them of the automatic stay. Certain creditors may be notified sooner, if necessary. Most creditors are prohibited from proceeding against the debtor during the entire course of the Chapter 11 Subchapter V case. If the debtor is later granted a Chapter 11 Subchapter V discharge, the creditors will then be prohibited from collecting the discharged debts from the debtor after the case is closed. Upon the filing, the business will get an automatic stay which stops all lawsuits, sheriff’s sales, and harassing phone calls.
My Small Business is Failing. Can Chapter 11 Subchapter V Help?
Possibly so. If you believe that your business is fundamentally sound, this may be a viable option. Chapter 11 Subchapter V can buy you the extra time you need to turn your business around.
What is Chapter 11 Subchapter V, and how does it work?
Chapter 11 Subchapter V is part of the Bankruptcy code under which a business may reorganize its debts and pay all or a portion of their debts under the supervision and protection of the Bankruptcy Court. Recent changes to the law. called Chapter 11 Subchapter V, permit a faster and less expensive reorganization process for most small business debtors. A business (called a debtor) files a plan for payment of their creditors. The plan must be approved by the Court to be put into effect. If the Court approves the debtor’s plan, most creditors will be prohibited from collecting their claims from the debtor during the case. The debtor must make regular payments to a person called the Trustee, who collects the money paid by the debtor and disburses it to creditors in the manner called for in the plan. Upon completion of the payments called for in the plan, the debtor secures a discharge from many unsecured debts and won’t have to pay them further.
Our office will work closely with you and your accountant on all aspects of a Chapter 11 Subchapter V Bankruptcy. We offer a free consultation to go over the benefits of filing. Call 1-888-734-6800 to schedule an appointment.
My business is dead and cannot be revived. How do I shut it down to minimize my risks?
Shutting down a business that cannot be revived is an art, not a science. People often speak of tossing the proverbial keys to the business’s creditors, but as a practical matter, that usually doesn’t work. Lenders and other creditors are under no obligation to catch any keys that are tossed their way.